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<section id="pytest-recipes">
<h1>pytest recipes<a class="headerlink" href="#pytest-recipes" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<section id="skipping-tests-based-on-markers">
<h2>Skipping tests based on markers<a class="headerlink" href="#skipping-tests-based-on-markers" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>A few packages use <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/example/markers.html">custom pytest markers</a> to indicate e.g. tests
requiring Internet access. These markers can be used to conveniently
disable whole test groups, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python_test<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span>epytest<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'not network'</span><span class="w"> </span>dask
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="skipping-tests-based-on-paths-names">
<h2>Skipping tests based on paths/names<a class="headerlink" href="#skipping-tests-based-on-paths-names" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are two primary methods of skipping tests based on path (and name)
in pytest: using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--ignore</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--deselect</span></code>.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--ignore</span></code> causes pytest to entirely ignore a file or a directory
when collecting tests. This works only for skipping whole files but it
ignores missing dependencies and other failures occurring while
importing the test file.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--deselect</span></code> causes pytest to skip the specific test or tests. It can
be also used to select individual tests or even parametrized variants
of tests.</p>
<p>Both options can be combined to get tests to pass without having
to alter the test files. They are preferable over suggestions from
skipping problematic tests when tests are installed as part
of the package. They can also be easily applied conditionally to Python
interpreter.</p>
<p>The modern versions of eclasses provide two control variables,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EPYTEST_IGNORE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EPYTEST_DESELECT</span></code> that can be used to list
test files or tests to be ignored or deselected respectively. These
variables can be used in global scope to avoid redefining
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python_test()</span></code>. However, combining them with additional conditions
requires using the local scope.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python_test<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">local</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">EPYTEST_IGNORE</span><span class="o">=(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># ignore whole file with missing dep</span>
<span class="w"> </span>tests/test_client.py
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">local</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">EPYTEST_DESELECT</span><span class="o">=(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># deselect a single test</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'tests/utils/test_general.py::test_filename'</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># deselect a parametrized test based on first param</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'tests/test_transport.py::test_transport_works[eventlet'</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">EPYTHON</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span>python3.6<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">EPYTEST_DESELECT</span><span class="o">+=(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># deselect a test for py3.6 only</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'tests/utils/test_contextvars.py::test_leaks[greenlet]'</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span>epytest
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="avoiding-the-dependency-on-pytest-runner">
<h2>Avoiding the dependency on pytest-runner<a class="headerlink" href="#avoiding-the-dependency-on-pytest-runner" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/pytest-runner/">pytest-runner</a> is a package providing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pytest</span></code> command to setuptools.
While it might be convenient upstream, there is no real reason to use
it in Gentoo packages. It has no real advantage over calling pytest
directly.</p>
<p>Some packages declare the dependency on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pytest-runner</span></code>
in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup_requires</span></code>. As a result, the dependency is enforced whenever
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> is being run, even if the user has no intention of running
tests. If this is the case, the dependency must be stripped.</p>
<p>The recommended method of stripping it is to use sed:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python_prepare_all<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span>sed<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'/pytest-runner/d'</span><span class="w"> </span>setup.py<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span>die
<span class="w"> </span>distutils-r1_python_prepare_all
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="using-pytest-xdist-to-run-tests-in-parallel">
<h2>Using pytest-xdist to run tests in parallel<a class="headerlink" href="#using-pytest-xdist-to-run-tests-in-parallel" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/pytest-xdist/">pytest-xdist</a> is a plugin that makes it possible to run multiple tests
in parallel. This is especially useful for programs with large test
suites that take significant time to run single-threaded.</p>
<p>Not all test suites support pytest-xdist. Particularly, it requires
that the tests are written not to collide one with another. Sometimes,
xdist may also cause instability of individual tests.</p>
<p>When only a few tests are broken or unstable because of pytest-xdist,
it is possible to use it and deselect the problematic tests. It is up
to the maintainer’s discretion to decide whether this is justified.</p>
<p>Using pytest-xdist is recommended if the package in question supports it
(i.e. it does not cause semi-random test failures) and its test suite
takes significant time. When using pytest-xdist, please respect user’s
make options for the job number, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>inherit<span class="w"> </span>multiprocessing
<span class="nv">BDEPEND</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="s2"> test? (</span>
<span class="s2"> dev-python/pytest-xdist[</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PYTHON_USEDEP</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">]</span>
<span class="s2"> )</span>
<span class="s2">"</span>
distutils_enable_tests<span class="w"> </span>pytest
python_test<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span>epytest<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="k">$(</span>makeopts_jobs<span class="k">)</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="w"> </span>--dist<span class="o">=</span>worksteal
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Please note that some upstream use pytest-xdist even if there is no real
gain from doing so. If the package’s tests take a short time to finish,
please avoid the dependency and strip it if necessary.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--dist=worksteal</span></code> enables rescheduling tests when some of
the workers finish early. It is recommended when some of the package’s
tests are very slow while others are fast. Otherwise, the lengthy tests
may end up being executed on the same thread and become a bottleneck.</p>
</section>
<section id="avoiding-dependencies-on-other-pytest-plugins">
<h2>Avoiding dependencies on other pytest plugins<a class="headerlink" href="#avoiding-dependencies-on-other-pytest-plugins" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>There is a number of pytest plugins that have little value to Gentoo
users. They include plugins for test coverage
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dev-python/pytest-cov</span></code>), coding style (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dev-python/pytest-flake8</span></code>)
and more. Generally, packages should avoid using those plugins.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>As of 2022-01-24, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epytest</span></code> disables a few undesirable plugins
by default. As a result, developers have a good chance
of experiencing failures due to hardcoded pytest options first,
even if they have the relevant plugins installed.</p>
<p>If your package <em>really</em> needs to use the specific plugin, you need
to pass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-p</span> <span class="pre"><plugin></span></code> explicitly to reenable it.</p>
</div>
<p>In some cases, upstream packages only list them as dependencies
but do not use them automatically. In other cases, you will need
to strip options enabling them from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pytest.ini</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.cfg</span></code>.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>src_prepare<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span>sed<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'s:--cov=wheel::'</span><span class="w"> </span>setup.cfg<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span>die
<span class="w"> </span>distutils-r1_src_prepare
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="explicitly-disabling-automatic-pytest-plugins">
<h2>Explicitly disabling automatic pytest plugins<a class="headerlink" href="#explicitly-disabling-automatic-pytest-plugins" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Besides plugins explicitly used by the package, there are a few pytest
plugins that enable themselves automatically for all test suites
when installed. In some cases, their presence causes tests of packages
that do not expect them, to fail.</p>
<p>An example of such package used to be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dev-python/pytest-relaxed</span></code>.
To resolve problems due to the plugin, it was necessary to disable
it explicitly:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python_test<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># pytest-relaxed plugin makes our tests fail</span>
<span class="w"> </span>epytest<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>no:relaxed
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="expert-disabling-plugin-autoloading-entirely">
<h2>Expert: disabling plugin autoloading entirely<a class="headerlink" href="#expert-disabling-plugin-autoloading-entirely" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>If a test suite invokes pytest recursively (this is particularly
the case when packaging other pytest plugins), the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-p</span></code> option
can be insufficient to disable problematic plugins, as it does not
get passed to the nested pytest invocations. For these packages,
the next best thing is to use environment variables.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, environment variables can only be used to disable
autoloading entirely. When doing that, you need to explicitly force
loading plugins that the test suite really needs.</p>
<p>This is done using two envvars: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTEST_DISABLE_PLUGIN_AUTOLOAD</span></code>
to disable autoloading plugins, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTEST_PLUGINS</span></code> to specify
plugins to load. The latter takes a comma-separated list of entry point
modules. To find the correct module names, look into
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">entry_points.txt</span></code> inside the package’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.egg-info</span></code> directory.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python_test<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">local</span><span class="w"> </span>-x<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">PYTEST_DISABLE_PLUGIN_AUTOLOAD</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">local</span><span class="w"> </span>-x<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">PYTEST_PLUGINS</span><span class="o">=</span>xdist.plugin,xdist.looponfail,pytest_forked
<span class="w"> </span>distutils_install_for_testing
<span class="w"> </span>epytest
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="typeerror-make-test-flaky-got-an-unexpected-keyword-argument-reruns">
<h2>TypeError: _make_test_flaky() got an unexpected keyword argument ‘reruns’<a class="headerlink" href="#typeerror-make-test-flaky-got-an-unexpected-keyword-argument-reruns" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you see a test error resembling the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>TypeError:<span class="w"> </span>_make_test_flaky<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span>got<span class="w"> </span>an<span class="w"> </span>unexpected<span class="w"> </span>keyword<span class="w"> </span>argument<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'reruns'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This means that the tests are being run via <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/box/flaky/">flaky</a> plugin while
the package in question expects <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-rerunfailures/">pytest-rerunfailures</a>. This is
because both plugins utilize the same <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@pytest.mark.flaky</span></code> marker
but support different set of arguments.</p>
<p>To resolve the problem, explicitly disable the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flaky</span></code> plugin and make
sure to depend on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dev-python/pytest-rerunfailures</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">BDEPEND</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"</span>
<span class="s2"> test? (</span>
<span class="s2"> dev-python/pytest-rerunfailures[</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">PYTHON_USEDEP</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">]</span>
<span class="s2"> )"</span>
python_test<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span>epytest<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>no:flaky
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="importpathmismatcherror">
<h2>ImportPathMismatchError<a class="headerlink" href="#importpathmismatcherror" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>An <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImportPathMismatchError</span></code> generally indicates that the same Python
module (or one that supposedly looks the same) has been loaded twice
using different paths, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>E<span class="w"> </span>_pytest.pathlib.ImportPathMismatchError:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'path'</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'/usr/lib/pypy3.7/site-packages/path'</span>,<span class="w"> </span>PosixPath<span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'/tmp/portage/dev-python/jaraco-path-3.3.1/work/jaraco.path-3.3.1/jaraco/path.py'</span><span class="o">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>These problems are usually caused by pytest test discovery getting
confused by namespace packages. In this case, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jaraco</span></code> directory
is a Python 3-style namespace but pytest is treating it as a potential
test directory. Therefore, instead of loading it as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jaraco.path</span></code>
relatively to the top directory, it loads it as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">path</span></code> relatively
to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jaraco</span></code> directory.</p>
<p>The simplest way to resolve this problem is to restrict the test
discovery to the actual test directories, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python_test<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span>epytest<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">test</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python_test<span class="o">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span>epytest<span class="w"> </span>--ignore<span class="w"> </span>jaraco
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="fixture-not-found">
<h2>fixture ‘…’ not found<a class="headerlink" href="#fixture-not-found" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Most of the time, a missing fixture indicates that some pytest plugin
is not installed. In rare cases, it can signify an incompatible pytest
version or package issue.</p>
<p>The following table maps common fixture names to their respective
plugins.</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Fixture name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Package</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>event_loop</p></td>
<td><p>dev-python/pytest-asyncio</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>freezer</p></td>
<td><p>dev-python/pytest-freezegun</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>httpbin</p></td>
<td><p>dev-python/pytest-httpbin</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>loop</p></td>
<td><p>dev-python/pytest-aiohttp</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>mocker</p></td>
<td><p>dev-python/pytest-mock</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="warnings">
<h2>Warnings<a class="headerlink" href="#warnings" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>pytest captures all warnings from the test suite by default, and prints
a summary of them at the end of the test suite run:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">===============================</span><span class="w"> </span>warnings<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">summary</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===============================</span>
asgiref/sync.py:135:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span>warning
tests/test_local.py:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="w"> </span>warnings
tests/test_sync.py:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">12</span><span class="w"> </span>warnings
tests/test_sync_contextvars.py:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span>warning
<span class="w"> </span>/tmp/asgiref/asgiref/sync.py:135:<span class="w"> </span>DeprecationWarning:<span class="w"> </span>There<span class="w"> </span>is<span class="w"> </span>no<span class="w"> </span>current<span class="w"> </span>event<span class="w"> </span>loop
<span class="w"> </span>self.main_event_loop<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span>asyncio.get_event_loop<span class="o">()</span>
<span class="o">[</span>...<span class="o">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>However, some projects go further and use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filterwarnings</span></code> option
to make (some) warnings fatal:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">====================================</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">ERRORS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">====================================</span>
_____________________<span class="w"> </span>ERROR<span class="w"> </span>collecting<span class="w"> </span>tests/test_sync.py<span class="w"> </span>______________________
tests/test_sync.py:577:<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><module>
<span class="w"> </span>class<span class="w"> </span>ASGITest<span class="o">(</span>TestCase<span class="o">)</span>:
tests/test_sync.py:583:<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>ASGITest
<span class="w"> </span>async<span class="w"> </span>def<span class="w"> </span>test_wrapped_case_is_collected<span class="o">(</span>self<span class="o">)</span>:
asgiref/sync.py:135:<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>__init__
<span class="w"> </span>self.main_event_loop<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span>asyncio.get_event_loop<span class="o">()</span>
E<span class="w"> </span>DeprecationWarning:<span class="w"> </span>There<span class="w"> </span>is<span class="w"> </span>no<span class="w"> </span>current<span class="w"> </span>event<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">loop</span>
<span class="o">===========================</span><span class="w"> </span>short<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">test</span><span class="w"> </span>summary<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">info</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">============================</span>
ERROR<span class="w"> </span>tests/test_sync.py<span class="w"> </span>-<span class="w"> </span>DeprecationWarning:<span class="w"> </span>There<span class="w"> </span>is<span class="w"> </span>no<span class="w"> </span>current<span class="w"> </span>event<span class="w"> </span>loop
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<span class="w"> </span>Interrupted:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span>error<span class="w"> </span>during<span class="w"> </span>collection<span class="w"> </span>!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
<span class="o">===============================</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span>error<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span>.13s<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===============================</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Unfortunately, this frequently means that warnings coming from
a dependency trigger test failures in other packages. Since making
warnings fatal is relatively common in the Python world, it is
recommended to:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Fix warnings in Python packages whenever possible, even if they
are not fatal to the package itself.</p></li>
<li><p>Do not enable new Python implementations if they trigger any new
warnings in the package.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>If the warnings come from issues in the package’s test suite rather than
the installed code, it is acceptable to make them non-fatal. This can
be done either through removing the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filterwarnings</span></code> key from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.cfg</span></code>, or adding an ignore entry. For example, the following
setting ignores <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DeprecationWarning</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> directory:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">filterwarnings</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span>error
<span class="w"> </span>ignore::DeprecationWarning:test
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</div>
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